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Bachelor's Degree Programme in Electrical and Automation Engineering: TSA2016SPT

Code: TSA2016SPT

Degree title
Bachelor of Engineering
Credits
240 ects
Duration
4 years (240 cr)
Start semester
Autumn 2016
Teaching language
Finnish

Show study timings by semester, study year or period

Code Name Credits (cr) 2016-2017 2017-2018 2018-2019 2019-2020 Autumn 2016 Spring 2017 Autumn 2017 Spring 2018 Autumn 2018 Spring 2019 Autumn 2019 Spring 2020 1. / 2016 2. / 2016 3. / 2017 4. / 2017 5. / 2017 1. / 2017 2. / 2017 3. / 2018 4. / 2018 5. / 2018 1. / 2018 2. / 2018 3. / 2019 4. / 2019 5. / 2019 1. / 2019 2. / 2020 3. / 2020
ZZP03Z-1395
TRANSFERABLE SKILLS

(Choose all )

24
ZZPP0500 Development as an Expert 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ZZPP0400 ICT Skills 3 3 3 1.5 1.5
ZZPP0710 Entrepreneurship 3 3 3 1.5 1.5
ZZPP0720 JAMK Innovation Week 2 2 2 1 1
ZZPC0200 English for Working Life 4 4 4 2 2
ZZPC0300 Swedish for Working Life 4 4 4 2 2
ZZPC0400 Communication Skills (for Finnish degree programmes) 3 3 3 1.5 1.5
TSAM0Z-1023
MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS

(Choose all )

25
TZMA0100 Mathematics 1 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TZMA0200 Mathematics 2 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAM0100 Occupational mathematics 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TZFY0100 Physics 1 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAF0100 Occupational physics 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAS0Z-1023
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(Choose all )

15
TSAS0100 Electrical engineering 1 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAS0200 Electrical engineering 2 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAS0300 Basics of electronics 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAT0Z-1023
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Choose all )

20
TTZC0200 Basics of Programming 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAT0100 Technical documentation 3 3 3 1.5 1.5
TTZC0500 Digital Technology 3 3 3 1.5 1.5
TSAT0200 Basics of data network technology 4 4 4 2 2
TSAT0300 Basics of data systems 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAA0Z-1023
AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Choose all )

18
TSAA0100 Basics of automation technology 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAA0200 Process technology 3 3 3 1.5 1.5
TSAA0300 Measurement technology 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAA0400 Automation systems 1 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAE0Z-1011
BUSINESS STUDIES

(Choose all )

4
TSAE0100 Industrial economics 4 4 4 2 2
TSAA1Z-1011
AUTOMATION APPLICATION ENGINEERING (FOR AUTOMATION ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

26
TSAAA100 Logical controls 5 5 5 5
TSAAA110 Programmable logic controllers 5 5 5 5
TSAAA120 PC-application programming 3 3 3 1.5 1.5
TSAAA130 Control Engineering 3 3 3 1.5 1.5
TSAAA140 Automation engineering 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAAA150 Automation systems 2 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAA2Z-1011
AUTOMATION HARDWARE ENGINEERING (FOR AUTOMATION ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

15
TSAAA200 Field equipment design 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAAA210 Electric Drives 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAAA220 Instrumentation engineering 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAA3Z-1017
AUTOMATION IMPLEMENTATIONS (FOR AUTOMATION ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

13
TSAAA300 Material handling automation 3 3 3 1.5 1.5
TSAAA310 Automation technology laboratory work 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAAA320 Machine vision 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAS1Z-1017
ELECTRICAL DESIGN (FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

24
TSASS100 Electrical design 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSASS110 Production and distribution of electricity 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSASS120 Design tools 4 4 4 2 2
TSASS130 Building electrification 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSASS140 Process electrification 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAS2Z-1017
ELECTRIC DRIVES TECHNOLOGY (FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

15
TSASS200 Logic controls and control technology 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSASS210 Transformers and electric machines 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSASS220 Adjustable electric drives 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAS3Z-1017
ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING (FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

15
TSASS300 Basics of electric power engineerig 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSASS310 Electric power engineering laboratory work 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSASS320 Electrical safety 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAP0Z-1011
PROJECTS

(Choose all )

15
TSAP0100 Project work 1 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAP0200 Project work 2 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAP0300 Project management 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAR0Z-1011
BUILDING AUTOMATION

(Choose all )

10
TSAR0100 Building services 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TSAR0200 Building automation 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TTOW3Z-1040
INTERNET OF THINGS

(Choose all )

15
TTOW0310 Embedded Systems Design and Development 5 5 5 2.5 2.5
TTOW0320 Internet of Things 10 10 10 5 5
TSAB0Z-1022
BACHELOR'S THESIS

(Choose all )

20
ZZPP0610 Research and Development 5 5 5 5
TSAB0100 Bachelor's Thesis Part 1 5 5 5 5
TSAB0200 Bachelor's Thesis Part 2 10 10 10 10
TSAB0300 Maturity test 0
TSAH0Z-1022
PRACTICAL TRAINING

(Choose all )

30
TSAH0100 Practical training 30 30 30 30
VAPAAZ-1920
ELECTIVE STUDIES

(Choose ects: 15)

15
ZZG01Z-1434
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION ACTIVITIES

(Choose 15)

0 - 15
ZZVZ0800 Scout, Develop and Start 5
HIBP3100 Concept Lab 5
ZZWZ0100 JAMKGenerator Project 5
ZZVZ0560 Entrepreneurship in Cooperatives 5
ZZVZ0400 Pre-Incubator 5
ZZVZ0450 Incubator 8
Total 240 60 84 110 50 30 30 40 44 55 55 10 40 15 15 15.5 14.5 0 20.5 19.5 22 22 0 27.5 27.5 28 27 0 10 40 0

Due to the timing of optional and elective courses, credit accumulation per semester / academic year may vary.

Bachelor's degree: EUR-ACE competences 2015-2019

Liittyy kaikkiin teknologian AMK-tutkinto-ohjelmiin.

Engineering Practice

Engineering graduates must have:
◦ the ability to select and use appropriate equipment, tools and methods;
◦ the ability to combine theory and practice to solve engineering problems;
◦ an understanding of applicable techniques and methods, and of their limitations;
◦ an awareness of the non-technical implications of engineering practice.

Basics of Programming
Digital Technology
Basics of data network technology
Basics of data systems
Basics of automation technology
Measurement technology
Automation systems 1
Logical controls
Programmable logic controllers
Control Engineering
Automation systems 2
Electric Drives
Material handling automation
Automation technology laboratory work
Machine vision
Logic controls and control technology
Project work 1
Project work 2
Building automation
Embedded Systems Design and Development
Internet of Things
Practical training
Engineering Analysis

Engineering graduates must have:
◦ the ability to apply their knowledge and understanding to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems using established methods;
◦ the ability to apply their knowledge and understanding to analyse engineering products, processes and methods;
◦ the ability to select and apply relevant analytic and modelling methods.

Electrical engineering 2
Basics of electronics
Digital Technology
Material handling automation
Machine vision
Internet of Things
Engineering Design

Engineering graduates must have:
◦ the ability to apply their knowledge and understanding to develop and realise designs to meet defined and specified requirements;
◦ an understanding of design methodologies, and an ability to use them.

Basics of Programming
Technical documentation
Measurement technology
Automation systems 1
PC-application programming
Control Engineering
Automation engineering
Automation systems 2
Field equipment design
Instrumentation engineering
Material handling automation
Machine vision
Electrical design
Production and distribution of electricity
Design tools
Building electrification
Process electrification
Building automation
Embedded Systems Design and Development
Internet of Things
Knowledge and Understanding

Engineering graduates must have:
◦ knowledge and understanding of the scientific and mathematical principles underlying their branch of engineering;
◦ a systematic understanding of the key aspects and concepts of their branch of engineering;
◦ coherent knowledge of their branch of engineering including some at the forefront of the branch;
◦ awareness of the wider multidisciplinary context of engineering.

Mathematics 1
Mathematics 2
Occupational mathematics
Physics 1
Occupational physics
Electrical engineering 1
Electrical engineering 2
Basics of electronics
Basics of Programming
Digital Technology
Basics of electric power engineerig
Building services
Investigations

Engineering graduates must have:
. the ability to conduct searches of literature, and to use data bases and other sources of information;
. the ability to design and conduct appropriate experiments, interpret the data and draw conclusions;
. workshop and laboratory skills.

Transformers and electric machines
Basics of electric power engineerig
Electric power engineering laboratory work
Project work 1
Project work 2
Transferable Skills

Engineering graduates must be able to:
. function effectively as an individual and as a member of a team;
. use diverse methods to communicate effectively with the engineering community and with society at large;
. demonstrate awareness of the health, safety and legal issues and responsibilities of engineering practice, the impact of engineering solutions in a societal and environmental context, and commit to professional ethics, responsibilities and norms of engineering practice;
. demonstrate an awareness of project management and business practices, such as risk and change management, and understand their limitations;
. recognise the need for, and have the ability to engage in independent, life-long learning.

Automation technology laboratory work
Process electrification
Project work 1
Project work 2
Project management
Practical training
Not grouped
Development as an Expert
ICT Skills
Entrepreneurship
JAMK Innovation Week
English for Working Life
Swedish for Working Life
Communication Skills (for Finnish degree programmes)
Process technology
Industrial economics
Adjustable electric drives
Electrical safety
Research and Development
Bachelor's Thesis Part 1
Bachelor's Thesis Part 2
Maturity test
Scout, Develop and Start
Concept Lab
JAMKGenerator Project
Entrepreneurship in Cooperatives
Pre-Incubator
Incubator

Bachelor's degree: Electrical and Automation Engineering 2015-2019

Competence in processes, machines and systems

* is able to design measurement, control, valve and motor circuits
* knows the theory of conventional feedback control circuit
* is able to perform process experiments, draw basic models for process dynamics and to use PID control circuit tuning methods
* is able to implement measurement, control, valve and motor circuits on the software and hardware level
* is familiar with the most common production processes and machines
* is familiar with sensors, transmitters and regulating units used in the processes
* is familiar with the structure and maintenance of control systems
* is able to implement control applications using programmable logic and process control systems
* knows the HW and SW design of automation systems from the definition to the implementation.

Basics of automation technology
Process technology
Automation systems 1
Logical controls
Programmable logic controllers
Control Engineering
Automation systems 2
Instrumentation engineering
Logic controls and control technology
Design competence

* knows the methods and tools of hardware and software design in automation
* is able to dimension and select machines and components using techno-economic principles
* is able to produce standardised documentation
* understands the importance of standards and is able to apply them in every design phase of the field
* is familiar with the significance of the quality system
* understands the product life cycle.

Basics of electronics
Process technology
Measurement technology
Automation systems 1
Control Engineering
Automation engineering
Automation systems 2
Field equipment design
Electric Drives
Instrumentation engineering
Electrical design
Production and distribution of electricity
Design tools
Building electrification
Process electrification
Competence in electricity and equipment safety

* knows the significant laws and regulations regarding electrical and equipment safety and is able to apply them in practice
* has a positive attitude for following and developing safe work methods
* knows the significance and basic terminology of safety automation.

Electrical engineering 1
Electrical engineering 2
Automation engineering
Building electrification
Electrical safety
Electrotechnical and other basic competence

* is able to apply mathematical methods and tools to describe the phenomena of the field and to solve problems
* is familiar with the important physical laws used in the applications of the field, especially regarding the field of electromagnetic phenomena
* is familiar with the components of electromagnetism and the basic connections
* knows the basic measurements of electrotechnology
* has the basic ICT skills including basic skills of programming, data networks and data systems.

Occupational mathematics
Physics 1
Occupational physics
Electrical engineering 1
Electrical engineering 2
Basics of electronics
Basics of Programming
Technical documentation
Digital Technology
Basics of data network technology
Basics of data systems
Basics of electric power engineerig
Electric power engineering laboratory work
Competence in electric power systems

* has the knowledge of the general network of electricity distribution and buildings’ electrical network
* is able to measure the components for network of electricity distribution and buildings’ electrical network
* has the knowledge of the shielding and operation supervision of machines and devices of electricity distribution and electric systems
* has the knowledge of electric motor drives
* is able to measure components for constant speed and adjustable motor drives
* is familiar with the shielding and control methods including programmable logics and bus solutions.

Electric Drives
Electrical design
Production and distribution of electricity
Building electrification
Process electrification
Transformers and electric machines
Adjustable electric drives
Electric power engineering laboratory work
Electrical safety
Not grouped
Development as an Expert
ICT Skills
Entrepreneurship
JAMK Innovation Week
English for Working Life
Swedish for Working Life
Communication Skills (for Finnish degree programmes)
Mathematics 1
Mathematics 2
Industrial economics
PC-application programming
Material handling automation
Automation technology laboratory work
Machine vision
Project work 1
Project work 2
Project management
Building services
Building automation
Embedded Systems Design and Development
Internet of Things
Research and Development
Bachelor's Thesis Part 1
Bachelor's Thesis Part 2
Maturity test
Practical training
Scout, Develop and Start
Concept Lab
JAMKGenerator Project
Entrepreneurship in Cooperatives
Pre-Incubator
Incubator

Bachelor's Degree: Common competences at JAMK 2015-2016

Internationality skills

The student
* is able to co-operate in a multicultural environment
* knows how to work independently in situations involving working life communications in the two national languages and at least one foreign language
* knows how to take the impacts and opportunities of internationalisation trends into consideration in their field.

English for Working Life
Swedish for Working Life
Concept Lab
Learning skills

The student
* knows how to assess and develop their competencies, and will to continue learning
* knows how to acquire, process and assess their own field data, theories, concepts, methods and principles critically
* is able to assume responsibility for group learning and sharing learned knowledge.

Development as an Expert
ICT Skills
Entrepreneurship
JAMK Innovation Week
English for Working Life
Communication Skills (for Finnish degree programmes)
Mathematics 1
Mathematics 2
Occupational mathematics
Physics 1
Occupational physics
Research and Development
Bachelor's Thesis Part 1
Bachelor's Thesis Part 2
Practical training
Scout, Develop and Start
Concept Lab
JAMKGenerator Project
Information management skills

The student
* knows how to carry out research and development projects by applying the information, methods and practical skills acquired
* is capable of creative problem-solving and developing working skills
* is able to participate and using their competences and ethics influence socially.

Development as an Expert
ICT Skills
Entrepreneurship
JAMK Innovation Week
Project work 1
Project work 2
Research and Development
Bachelor's Thesis Part 1
Bachelor's Thesis Part 2
Scout, Develop and Start
JAMKGenerator Project
Working life skills

The student
* knows how to work as a member of a study group or workgroup or in some other form of community and contribute to the wellbeing of the group
* is able to manage professional activities, decision-making, and work independently in their expert tasks
* knows how to comply with employment practices and the activities of sustainable development, and act according to the principles of professional ethics.

Entrepreneurship
JAMK Innovation Week
English for Working Life
Swedish for Working Life
Communication Skills (for Finnish degree programmes)
Project management
Practical training
Scout, Develop and Start
Concept Lab
JAMKGenerator Project
Entrepreneurship in Cooperatives
Pre-Incubator
Communication skills

The student
* is able to communicate well, both orally and in writing in their mother tongue
* knows how to use information and communications technology in their assignments
* is able to consider various factors in his/her work and can work in networks.

Development as an Expert
ICT Skills
English for Working Life
Swedish for Working Life
Communication Skills (for Finnish degree programmes)
Research and Development
Bachelor's Thesis Part 2
Maturity test
Practical training
Entrepreneurship skills

The student
* has the abilities required for entrepreneurship
* knows how to look for customer-friendly, sustainable and economically-viable solutions
* is able to take responsibility for their own actions and the consequences of those actions.

Entrepreneurship
JAMK Innovation Week
Industrial economics
Scout, Develop and Start
Concept Lab
JAMKGenerator Project
Entrepreneurship in Cooperatives
Pre-Incubator
Incubator
Not grouped
Electrical engineering 1
Electrical engineering 2
Basics of electronics
Basics of Programming
Technical documentation
Digital Technology
Basics of data network technology
Basics of data systems
Basics of automation technology
Process technology
Measurement technology
Automation systems 1
Logical controls
Programmable logic controllers
PC-application programming
Control Engineering
Automation engineering
Automation systems 2
Field equipment design
Electric Drives
Instrumentation engineering
Material handling automation
Automation technology laboratory work
Machine vision
Electrical design
Production and distribution of electricity
Design tools
Building electrification
Process electrification
Logic controls and control technology
Transformers and electric machines
Adjustable electric drives
Basics of electric power engineerig
Electric power engineering laboratory work
Electrical safety
Building services
Building automation
Embedded Systems Design and Development
Internet of Things

Structure of the studies (Bachelor's degree)

Professional Studies
Electrical engineering 1
Electrical engineering 2
Basics of electronics
Basics of Programming
Technical documentation
Digital Technology
Basics of data network technology
Basics of data systems
Basics of automation technology
Process technology
Measurement technology
Automation systems 1
Industrial economics
Logical controls
Programmable logic controllers
PC-application programming
Control Engineering
Automation engineering
Automation systems 2
Field equipment design
Electric Drives
Instrumentation engineering
Material handling automation
Automation technology laboratory work
Machine vision
Electrical design
Production and distribution of electricity
Design tools
Building electrification
Process electrification
Logic controls and control technology
Transformers and electric machines
Adjustable electric drives
Basics of electric power engineerig
Electric power engineering laboratory work
Electrical safety
Project work 1
Project work 2
Project management
Building services
Building automation
Embedded Systems Design and Development
Internet of Things
Practical Training
Practical training
Bachelor's Thesis
Bachelor's Thesis Part 1
Bachelor's Thesis Part 2
Maturity test
Core Studies
Development as an Expert
ICT Skills
Entrepreneurship
JAMK Innovation Week
English for Working Life
Swedish for Working Life
Communication Skills (for Finnish degree programmes)
Mathematics 1
Mathematics 2
Occupational mathematics
Physics 1
Occupational physics
Research and Development
Elective Studies
Scout, Develop and Start
Concept Lab
JAMKGenerator Project
Entrepreneurship in Cooperatives
Pre-Incubator
Incubator
Not grouped

Code Name Credits (cr)
ZZP03Z-1395
TRANSFERABLE SKILLS

(Choose all )

24
ZZPP0500 Development as an Expert 5
ZZPP0400 ICT Skills 3
ZZPP0710 Entrepreneurship 3
ZZPP0720 JAMK Innovation Week 2
ZZPC0200 English for Working Life 4
ZZPC0300 Swedish for Working Life 4
ZZPC0400 Communication Skills (for Finnish degree programmes) 3
TSAM0Z-1023
MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS

(Choose all )

25
TZMA0100 Mathematics 1 5
TZMA0200 Mathematics 2 5
TSAM0100 Occupational mathematics 5
TZFY0100 Physics 1 5
TSAF0100 Occupational physics 5
TSAS0Z-1023
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(Choose all )

15
TSAS0100 Electrical engineering 1 5
TSAS0200 Electrical engineering 2 5
TSAS0300 Basics of electronics 5
TSAT0Z-1023
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Choose all )

20
TTZC0200 Basics of Programming 5
TSAT0100 Technical documentation 3
TTZC0500 Digital Technology 3
TSAT0200 Basics of data network technology 4
TSAT0300 Basics of data systems 5
TSAA0Z-1023
AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Choose all )

18
TSAA0100 Basics of automation technology 5
TSAA0200 Process technology 3
TSAA0300 Measurement technology 5
TSAA0400 Automation systems 1 5
TSAE0Z-1011
BUSINESS STUDIES

(Choose all )

4
TSAE0100 Industrial economics 4
TSAA1Z-1011
AUTOMATION APPLICATION ENGINEERING (FOR AUTOMATION ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

26
TSAAA100 Logical controls 5
TSAAA110 Programmable logic controllers 5
TSAAA120 PC-application programming 3
TSAAA130 Control Engineering 3
TSAAA140 Automation engineering 5
TSAAA150 Automation systems 2 5
TSAA2Z-1011
AUTOMATION HARDWARE ENGINEERING (FOR AUTOMATION ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

15
TSAAA200 Field equipment design 5
TSAAA210 Electric Drives 5
TSAAA220 Instrumentation engineering 5
TSAA3Z-1017
AUTOMATION IMPLEMENTATIONS (FOR AUTOMATION ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

13
TSAAA300 Material handling automation 3
TSAAA310 Automation technology laboratory work 5
TSAAA320 Machine vision 5
TSAS1Z-1017
ELECTRICAL DESIGN (FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

24
TSASS100 Electrical design 5
TSASS110 Production and distribution of electricity 5
TSASS120 Design tools 4
TSASS130 Building electrification 5
TSASS140 Process electrification 5
TSAS2Z-1017
ELECTRIC DRIVES TECHNOLOGY (FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

15
TSASS200 Logic controls and control technology 5
TSASS210 Transformers and electric machines 5
TSASS220 Adjustable electric drives 5
TSAS3Z-1017
ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING (FOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS)

(Choose all )

15
TSASS300 Basics of electric power engineerig 5
TSASS310 Electric power engineering laboratory work 5
TSASS320 Electrical safety 5
TSAP0Z-1011
PROJECTS

(Choose all )

15
TSAP0100 Project work 1 5
TSAP0200 Project work 2 5
TSAP0300 Project management 5
TSAR0Z-1011
BUILDING AUTOMATION

(Choose all )

10
TSAR0100 Building services 5
TSAR0200 Building automation 5
TTOW3Z-1040
INTERNET OF THINGS

(Choose all )

15
TTOW0310 Embedded Systems Design and Development 5
TTOW0320 Internet of Things 10
TSAB0Z-1022
BACHELOR'S THESIS

(Choose all )

20
ZZPP0610 Research and Development 5
TSAB0100 Bachelor's Thesis Part 1 5
TSAB0200 Bachelor's Thesis Part 2 10
TSAB0300 Maturity test 0
TSAH0Z-1022
PRACTICAL TRAINING

(Choose all )

30
TSAH0100 Practical training 30
VAPAAZ-1920
ELECTIVE STUDIES

(Choose ects: 15 )

15
ZZG01Z-1434
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION ACTIVITIES

(Choose 15 )

0 - 15
ZZVZ0800 Scout, Develop and Start 5
HIBP3100 Concept Lab 5
ZZWZ0100 JAMKGenerator Project 5
ZZVZ0560 Entrepreneurship in Cooperatives 5
ZZVZ0400 Pre-Incubator 5
ZZVZ0450 Incubator 8
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