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Basics of Forest Management and RegenerationLaajuus (4 cr)

Code: LMSB4500

Credits

4 op

Teaching language

  • Finnish

Responsible person

  • Arto Riihinen

Objective

Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.

Competences
-forestry competence

Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.

Content

-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration

Qualifications

Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.

Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1)

Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.

Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.

Assessment criteria, good (3)

Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.

Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.

Assessment criteria, excellent (5)

Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.

Enrollment

01.08.2024 - 22.08.2024

Timing

29.08.2024 - 29.11.2024

Number of ECTS credits allocated

4 op

Mode of delivery

Face-to-face

Unit

School of Technology

Campus

Institute of Bioeconomy

Teaching languages
  • Finnish
Seats

20 - 30

Degree programmes
  • Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
  • Arto Riihinen
Groups
  • LMS24KM
    Maaseutuelinkeinot (AMK)

Objectives

Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.

Competences
-forestry competence

Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.

Content

-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration

Learning materials and recommended literature

Metsanhoidon suositukset: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi

Teaching methods

Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study

Exam dates and retake possibilities

The date of the online exam and two possible retests of the exam will be agreed at the start of the course.

Student workload

Lectures and field excurisons 24 h, virtual study 20 h, assignments 36 h, independent study 28 h. Total 108 h of student work.

Further information for students

Opintojakson tenttiajankohta ja tentin kaksi uusintamahdollisuutta sovitaan aloitustunnilla.

Evaluation scale

0-5

Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)

Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.

Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.

Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)

Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.

Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.

Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)

Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.

Prerequisites

Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.

Enrollment

01.08.2024 - 22.08.2024

Timing

27.08.2024 - 26.11.2024

Number of ECTS credits allocated

4 op

Mode of delivery

Face-to-face

Unit

School of Technology

Campus

Institute of Bioeconomy

Teaching languages
  • Finnish
Seats

20 - 40

Degree programmes
  • Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
  • Arto Riihinen
Groups
  • LMS23S1
    Maaseutuelinkeinot (AMK)

Objectives

Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.

Competences
-forestry competence

Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.

Content

-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration

Learning materials and recommended literature

Metsanhoidon suositukset: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi

Teaching methods

Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study

Exam dates and retake possibilities

The date of the exam and two retakes are agreed at the beginning of the course

Student workload

Lectures and field excurisons 40 h, virtual study 20 h, assignments 30 h, independent study 18 h. Total 108 h of student work.

Further information for students

Exam, assignments

Evaluation scale

0-5

Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)

Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.

Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.

Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)

Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.

Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.

Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)

Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.

Prerequisites

Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.

Enrollment

01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023

Timing

30.08.2023 - 13.12.2023

Number of ECTS credits allocated

4 op

Mode of delivery

Face-to-face

Unit

School of Technology

Campus

Institute of Bioeconomy

Teaching languages
  • Finnish
Degree programmes
  • Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
  • Arto Riihinen
Groups
  • LMS22S1
    Maaseutuelinkeinot (AMK)

Objectives

Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.

Competences
-forestry competence

Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.

Content

-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration

Learning materials and recommended literature

Metsanhoidon suositukset: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi Online materials in Moodle.

Teaching methods

Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study

Exam dates and retake possibilities

The date of the exam and two retakes are agreed at the beginning of the course.

Student workload

Lectures and field excurisons 36 h, virtual study 20 h, assignments 30 h, independent study 22 h. Total 108 h of student work.

Further information for students

Exam, assignments

Evaluation scale

0-5

Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)

Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.

Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.

Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)

Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.

Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.

Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)

Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.

Prerequisites

Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.

Enrollment

01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023

Timing

28.08.2023 - 13.12.2023

Number of ECTS credits allocated

4 op

Mode of delivery

Face-to-face

Unit

School of Technology

Campus

Institute of Bioeconomy

Teaching languages
  • Finnish
Degree programmes
  • Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
  • Arto Riihinen
Groups
  • LMS23KM
    Maaseutuelinkeinot (AMK)

Objectives

Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.

Competences
-forestry competence

Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.

Content

-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration

Learning materials and recommended literature

Metsanhoidon suositukset: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi; Online materials in Moodle.

Teaching methods

Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study

Exam dates and retake possibilities

The date of the exam and two retakes are agreed at the beginning of the course.

Student workload

Lectures and field excurisons 24 h, virtual study 36 h, assignments 30 h, independent study 18 h. Total 108 h of student work.

Further information for students

Exam, assignments

Evaluation scale

0-5

Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)

Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.

Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.

Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)

Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.

Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.

Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)

Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.

Prerequisites

Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.

Enrollment

03.08.2022 - 26.08.2022

Timing

15.09.2022 - 01.12.2022

Number of ECTS credits allocated

4 op

Virtual portion

1 op

Mode of delivery

75 % Face-to-face, 25 % Online learning

Unit

School of Technology

Campus

Institute of Bioeconomy

Teaching languages
  • Finnish
Degree programmes
  • Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
  • Arto Riihinen
Groups
  • LMS22KM
    Agrologi (AMK), maaseutuelinkeinot, monimuotototeutus

Objectives

Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.

Competences
-forestry competence

Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.

Content

-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration

Learning materials and recommended literature

Äijälä, O., Koistinen, A., Sved, J., Vanhatalo, K. & Väisänen, P. (toim.) 2019. Metsänhoidon suositukset. Tapion julkaisuja ( https://tapio.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Metsanhoidon_suositukset_Tapio_2019.pdf and web-pages:: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi/fi); Online materials in Moodle.

Teaching methods

Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study

Exam dates and retake possibilities

The date of the exam and two retakes are agreed at the beginning of the course.

Student workload

Lectures and field excurisons 24 h, virtual study 36 h, assignments 30 h, independent study 18 h. Total 108 h of student work.

Further information for students

Avoin AMK 5.

Evaluation scale

0-5

Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)

Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.

Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.

Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)

Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.

Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.

Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)

Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.

Prerequisites

Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.

Enrollment

03.08.2022 - 26.08.2022

Timing

31.08.2022 - 20.12.2022

Number of ECTS credits allocated

4 op

Virtual portion

1 op

Mode of delivery

75 % Face-to-face, 25 % Online learning

Unit

School of Technology

Campus

Institute of Bioeconomy

Teaching languages
  • Finnish
Seats

0 - 40

Degree programmes
  • Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
  • Arto Riihinen
Groups
  • LMS21S1
    Maaseutuelinkeinot (AMK)

Objectives

Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.

Competences
-forestry competence

Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.

Content

-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration

Learning materials and recommended literature

Äijälä, O., Koistinen, A., Sved, J., Vanhatalo, K. & Väisänen, P. (toim.) 2019. Metsänhoidon suositukset. Tapion julkaisuja ( https://tapio.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Metsanhoidon_suositukset_Tapio_2019.pdf and web-pages:: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi/fi); Online materials in Moodle.

Teaching methods

Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study

Exam dates and retake possibilities

The date of the exam and two retakes are agreed at the beginning of the course.

Student workload

Lectures and field excurisons 36 h, virtual study 20 h, assignments 30 h, independent study 22 h. Total 108 h of student work.

Evaluation scale

0-5

Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)

Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.

Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.

Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)

Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.

Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.

Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)

Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.

Prerequisites

Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.