Basics of Forest Management and RegenerationLaajuus (4 cr)
Code: LMSB4500
Credits
4 op
Teaching language
- Finnish
Responsible person
- Arto Riihinen
Objective
Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.
Competences
-forestry competence
Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.
Content
-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration
Qualifications
Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.
Assessment criteria, satisfactory (1)
Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.
Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.
Assessment criteria, good (3)
Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.
Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.
Assessment criteria, excellent (5)
Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.
Enrollment
01.08.2024 - 22.08.2024
Timing
29.08.2024 - 29.11.2024
Number of ECTS credits allocated
4 op
Mode of delivery
Face-to-face
Unit
School of Technology
Campus
Institute of Bioeconomy
Teaching languages
- Finnish
Seats
20 - 30
Degree programmes
- Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
- Arto Riihinen
Groups
-
LMS24KMMaaseutuelinkeinot (AMK)
Objectives
Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.
Competences
-forestry competence
Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.
Content
-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration
Learning materials and recommended literature
Metsanhoidon suositukset: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi
Teaching methods
Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study
Exam dates and retake possibilities
The date of the online exam and two possible retests of the exam will be agreed at the start of the course.
Student workload
Lectures and field excurisons 24 h, virtual study 20 h, assignments 36 h, independent study 28 h. Total 108 h of student work.
Further information for students
Opintojakson tenttiajankohta ja tentin kaksi uusintamahdollisuutta sovitaan aloitustunnilla.
Evaluation scale
0-5
Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)
Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.
Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.
Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)
Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.
Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.
Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)
Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.
Prerequisites
Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.
Enrollment
01.08.2024 - 22.08.2024
Timing
27.08.2024 - 26.11.2024
Number of ECTS credits allocated
4 op
Mode of delivery
Face-to-face
Unit
School of Technology
Campus
Institute of Bioeconomy
Teaching languages
- Finnish
Seats
20 - 40
Degree programmes
- Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
- Arto Riihinen
Groups
-
LMS23S1Maaseutuelinkeinot (AMK)
Objectives
Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.
Competences
-forestry competence
Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.
Content
-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration
Learning materials and recommended literature
Metsanhoidon suositukset: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi
Teaching methods
Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study
Exam dates and retake possibilities
The date of the exam and two retakes are agreed at the beginning of the course
Student workload
Lectures and field excurisons 40 h, virtual study 20 h, assignments 30 h, independent study 18 h. Total 108 h of student work.
Further information for students
Exam, assignments
Evaluation scale
0-5
Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)
Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.
Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.
Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)
Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.
Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.
Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)
Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.
Prerequisites
Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.
Enrollment
01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023
Timing
30.08.2023 - 13.12.2023
Number of ECTS credits allocated
4 op
Mode of delivery
Face-to-face
Unit
School of Technology
Campus
Institute of Bioeconomy
Teaching languages
- Finnish
Degree programmes
- Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
- Arto Riihinen
Groups
-
LMS22S1Maaseutuelinkeinot (AMK)
Objectives
Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.
Competences
-forestry competence
Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.
Content
-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration
Learning materials and recommended literature
Metsanhoidon suositukset: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi Online materials in Moodle.
Teaching methods
Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study
Exam dates and retake possibilities
The date of the exam and two retakes are agreed at the beginning of the course.
Student workload
Lectures and field excurisons 36 h, virtual study 20 h, assignments 30 h, independent study 22 h. Total 108 h of student work.
Further information for students
Exam, assignments
Evaluation scale
0-5
Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)
Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.
Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.
Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)
Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.
Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.
Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)
Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.
Prerequisites
Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.
Enrollment
01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023
Timing
28.08.2023 - 13.12.2023
Number of ECTS credits allocated
4 op
Mode of delivery
Face-to-face
Unit
School of Technology
Campus
Institute of Bioeconomy
Teaching languages
- Finnish
Degree programmes
- Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
- Arto Riihinen
Groups
-
LMS23KMMaaseutuelinkeinot (AMK)
Objectives
Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.
Competences
-forestry competence
Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.
Content
-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration
Learning materials and recommended literature
Metsanhoidon suositukset: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi; Online materials in Moodle.
Teaching methods
Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study
Exam dates and retake possibilities
The date of the exam and two retakes are agreed at the beginning of the course.
Student workload
Lectures and field excurisons 24 h, virtual study 36 h, assignments 30 h, independent study 18 h. Total 108 h of student work.
Further information for students
Exam, assignments
Evaluation scale
0-5
Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)
Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.
Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.
Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)
Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.
Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.
Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)
Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.
Prerequisites
Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.
Enrollment
03.08.2022 - 26.08.2022
Timing
15.09.2022 - 01.12.2022
Number of ECTS credits allocated
4 op
Virtual portion
1 op
Mode of delivery
75 % Face-to-face, 25 % Online learning
Unit
School of Technology
Campus
Institute of Bioeconomy
Teaching languages
- Finnish
Degree programmes
- Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
- Arto Riihinen
Groups
-
LMS22KMAgrologi (AMK), maaseutuelinkeinot, monimuotototeutus
Objectives
Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.
Competences
-forestry competence
Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.
Content
-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration
Learning materials and recommended literature
Äijälä, O., Koistinen, A., Sved, J., Vanhatalo, K. & Väisänen, P. (toim.) 2019. Metsänhoidon suositukset. Tapion julkaisuja ( https://tapio.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Metsanhoidon_suositukset_Tapio_2019.pdf and web-pages:: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi/fi); Online materials in Moodle.
Teaching methods
Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study
Exam dates and retake possibilities
The date of the exam and two retakes are agreed at the beginning of the course.
Student workload
Lectures and field excurisons 24 h, virtual study 36 h, assignments 30 h, independent study 18 h. Total 108 h of student work.
Further information for students
Avoin AMK 5.
Evaluation scale
0-5
Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)
Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.
Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.
Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)
Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.
Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.
Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)
Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.
Prerequisites
Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.
Enrollment
03.08.2022 - 26.08.2022
Timing
31.08.2022 - 20.12.2022
Number of ECTS credits allocated
4 op
Virtual portion
1 op
Mode of delivery
75 % Face-to-face, 25 % Online learning
Unit
School of Technology
Campus
Institute of Bioeconomy
Teaching languages
- Finnish
Seats
0 - 40
Degree programmes
- Bachelor's Degree Programme in Agricultural and Rural Industries
Teachers
- Arto Riihinen
Groups
-
LMS21S1Maaseutuelinkeinot (AMK)
Objectives
Purpose of the course
The purpose of this course is to learn the basics of silviculture and forest regeneration and to choose the regeneration measure of the forest.
Competences
-forestry competence
Learning outcomes
You master forest classifications, know the main forest tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can select the measures considering ecological, environmental, technical and economical perspectives.
Content
-forest classifications
-sustainable forestry
-forest tree species
-the basics of regeneration
-selection of the regeneration time and method
-preparation of regeneration site
-natural regeneration
-forest cultivation
-securing the result of regeneration
-planning regeneration
Learning materials and recommended literature
Äijälä, O., Koistinen, A., Sved, J., Vanhatalo, K. & Väisänen, P. (toim.) 2019. Metsänhoidon suositukset. Tapion julkaisuja ( https://tapio.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Metsanhoidon_suositukset_Tapio_2019.pdf and web-pages:: https://metsanhoidonsuositukset.fi/fi); Online materials in Moodle.
Teaching methods
Lectures, field excursions, assignments, online study
Exam dates and retake possibilities
The date of the exam and two retakes are agreed at the beginning of the course.
Student workload
Lectures and field excurisons 36 h, virtual study 20 h, assignments 30 h, independent study 22 h. Total 108 h of student work.
Evaluation scale
0-5
Evaluation criteria, satisfactory (1-2)
Sufficient 1:
You know main forest classifications, are familiar with the biological regeneration features of the main tree species, can determine when a stand is ready for regeneration and can choose the regeneration measures in accordance with the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act. You can make a declaration of forest use and know the measures related to forest regeneration. Assignments are passed, but they contain deficiencies.
Satisfactory 2:
You can identify features of tree species and growing sites in measures related to forest regeneration. You are able to take into account the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measure chains. You can make a declaration of forest use and are able to compose suitable measure chains for forest regeneration. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions.
Evaluation criteria, good (3-4)
Good 3:
You can apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing cost-effective and properly timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies the course material.
Very Good 4:
You can diversely apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting applies diverse sources.
Evaluation criteria, excellent (5)
Excellent 5:
You can comprehensively apply the forest management guidelines, the forest certification criteria and the Forest Act in choosing sustainable, long time cost-effective and right-timed forest regeneration measures suitable for growing site and tree species. You can make an error-free declaration of forest use and are able to plan the whole forest regeneration process and are able to organize the regeneration operations of a forest estate. Assignments are passed and they follow the instructions. Their reporting is error-free and it applies diverse sources.
Prerequisites
Knowledge of the basic concepts of ecology.