Please select the curriculum by the start year of studies and track.
English
Moodle virtual learning environment
This is 100 % online course,
There will be online webinars on regular basis
We follow flipped - classroom agenda which is an innovative marketing education in the digital era
You are expected to familiarize yourselves with new and unfamiliar subject content in your own time PRIOR TO COMING TO THE ONLINE webinar
Pre-learning enables you to use the online-webinar time on task-based activities with peer students and lecturer
Traditional lectures are replaced with prerecorded lectures, videos, readings
Online webinars are primarily for interaction, rather than instruction
Keller, K. L. 2012. Strategic Brand Management. Building, Measuring and Managing Brand Equity, 4th edition, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kapferer, J.N. 2012. The New Strategic Brand Management. Advanced Insights & Strategic Thinking. Fifth Edition.
Keller K., Aperia, T. & Georgeson, M., 2012, Strategic Brand Management: A European Perspective. Prentice-Hall.
Davis, John. Magic Numbers for Consumer Marketing: Key Measures to Evaluate Marketing Success
Keller K & Lehmann D, 2006, Brands and Branding: Research Findings and
Future Priorities. MARKETING SCIENCE, Vol. 25, No. 6, November-December 2006, pp. 740-759, ISSN 0732-23991 EISSN 1526-548X1061250610740 DOI 10.1287/mksc.l050.0153
ebook -Branding in the Inbound Age. A publication of HubSpot
Heidi Neuvonen
One multiple -choice assignment
One portfolio assignment
15.01.2024 - 28.04.2024
135 h which includes online webinars, independent studying, completion of the portfolio assignment
To be informed on the Moodle learning environment
- One multiple -choice assignment in order to test your theoretical knowledge, assessment 0 - 5, 30% of your grade
- One portfolio, assessment 0 - 5, 70% of your total grade
This portfolio / report will be compiled by you as a result of active participation during the course. The content should base on existing theoretical literature and, thus, it contributes to learning how to apply theoretical knowledge to brand management -process
The process is led by the teacher
The structure, sources of information, template and assistance will be provided to you
Master’s Degree Programme in Business and Financial Management, Master’s Degree Programme in Tourism and Hospitality Management, Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Online learning
5 cr
School of Business
English
The course is held in the spring semester.
Teaching will take place only in the classroom.
Handbook of qualitative research. 2011. Toim. N. K. Denzin, & Y. Lincoln. 4. edition. London: Sage.
OR
Eriksson, P. & Kovalainen, A. 2008. Qualitative Methods in Business Research. London: Sage.
OR
Bryman, A. 2012. Social research methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press cop.
Shomaila Sadaf
There are several possibilities to participate in the international projects.
08.01.2024 - 20.05.2024
Lectures 27 h
Assignments 54 h
Independent study 54 h
Total 135h ( one credit equals 27 hours of student work)
0 - 50
Open UAS 5
Master's Degree Programme in Sport Business Management, Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face
School of Business
English
Face-to-face lectures will be held as follows:
Lecture 1: TBA
Lecture 2: TBA
Lecture 3: TBA
Lectures
Literature
Video material
Exercises and assignments
Guidance and feedback
The attendance of the students in the classroom in mandatory.
Lectures slides will be the starting point to learn the subject matter of the course.
Books: Barry Elliott, Jamie Elliott: Financial Accounting and Reporting, Pearson Education, 17/E.
Proctor, Ray: Managerial Accounting for Business Decisions. Prentice Hall 2009, Third Edition. Part 5.
Russell David, Patel Ashok & Wilkinson-Riddle Gregory: Cost Accounting An Essential Guide. Pearson Education Ltd.
Atkinson Anthony, Kaplan Robert, Matsumura Ella & Young Mark: Management Accounting. Prentice Hall.
Brealey, Richard A., Myers, Stewart C. and Allen, Franklin: Principles of Corporate Finance. McGraw-Hill.
Web Based Resources:
Web Based Resources:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCeZf5FUwF9LrvdnjXhiCGKQ/videos
The above channel is run by the lecturer himself.
https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/
http://www.reuters.com/
http://online.wsj.com/europe
http://www.ifrs.org/Pages/default.aspx
Corporate Websites (for Management Accounting, Financial Accounting and Financial Management group presentations and assignments/individual assignments)
Research articles and videos will be shared from time to time.
Shabnamjit Hundal, Sehar Imran
Main Campus
Exam will be held during the last last week of the course implementation.
International projects in collaboration with partner universities abroad. Possibility of participation in the corporate projects too.
08.01.2024 - 20.05.2024
You will be required to required to invest 135 hours approximately and the break up of the total time is as below:
Lectures: 40 hours
Workshop: 15 Hours
Assignment Preparations: 20 Hours
Examination Preparations: 50 Hours
Miscellaneous: 10 Hours
Lectures
Accreditation (replacement and inclusion)
Recognition of informal learning
Studification
Further instructions can be found in the Degree Regulations and in the Bachelor's Degree study guide.
0 - 50
The assessment of the course is based on the following credits:
Exam and assignment exercises 100%, 5 ECTS)
Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face
School of Business
English
Blended model.
Face-to-face learning: Lectures, case study discussions, group project presentations
Virtual learning: individual assignments, group projects
Selected readings on firm growth:
1. Greiner, L. E. (1972). Evolution and revolution as organizations grow: A company's past has clues for management that are critical to future success. Harvard Business Review, July-August, 37-46.
2. Davidsson, P. (1991). Continued entrepreneurship: Ability, need, and opportunity as determinants of small firm growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(6), 405-429.
3. Akpinar, M. (2009). Internationalization vs. diversification: A study on the drivers of growth strategies. Journal of Global Business Issues, 3(2), 1-7.
4. McKelvie, A. & Wiklund, J. (2010). Advancing firm growth research: A focus on growth mode instead of growth rate. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(2), 261-288.
Selected readings on internationalization:
1. Kogut, B. & Zander, U. (1993). Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(4), 625-645.
2. Oviatt, B. M., & McDougall, P. P. (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1), 45-64.
3. Ghemawat, P. (2001). Distance still matters: The hard reality of global expansion. Harvard Business Review, 79(8), 137-147.
4. Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J. E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(9), 1411-1431.
5. The Economist (2019). Slowbalisation: A new pattern of world commerce is becoming clearer - as are its costs. 430(9127), 11.
Murat Akpinar
There is no internship.
Main Campus
There is no exam.
08.01.2024 - 20.05.2024
Lectures 27 hours
Preparing for the lectures 48 hours
Group projects 54 hours
Individual assignments 6 hours
4 contact days in spring semester 2024: 16.2 (14-20), 17.2 (09-14), 8.3 (14-20), and 9.3 (09-14)
You have the right to apply for recognition of your studies if you have prior learning (e.g. university studies completed elsewhere) that can be accredited towards the degree you are currently completing.
The recognition of prior learning is possible in three primary ways: accreditation (replacement or inclusion), recognition of informal learning and studification. More precise info: JAMK Degree Regulations, section 17.
0 - 30
Group projects, individual assignment, and active participation in class
Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face
2 cr
School of Business
English
Contacts as 2 two-day intensive Fri-Sat sets with some 1 month in between the contact day sets - more exact timing to be added later
Classroom and online learning
Business simulation online
Learning materials + links to external sources available at the course learning platform
Business simulation-element of the course: Learning materials at the Cesim Global Challenge-platform
Juha Saukkonen
Main Campus
No exam - Grading based on individual + Group task reports and presentation + final individual assignment
International guest lectures (online/classroom) included
08.01.2024 - 20.05.2024
Classroom workshops 30 hrs
Business simulation decision-making and reporting 50 hrs
Online groupwork 20 hrs
Individual online learning 35 hrs
2 x Fri 13.00-20.00 + Sat 9.00-15.30 end March + end April
0 - 30
Assessment based on:
Groupwork Presentation
Business Simulation final result (shareholder return created)
Business simulation reporting
Final individual assignment
Open UAS: 5
Exchange students: 5
Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face, Online learning
2 cr
School of Business
English
Sanna Sihvonen
04.09.2023 - 20.12.2023
01.08.2023 - 06.09.2023
0 - 40
Master's Degree Programme in Sport and Exercise Physiotherapy, Master's Degree Programme in Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics, Master's Degree Programme in Information Technology, Full Stack Software Development, Master's Degree Programme in Advanced Practice Nursing, Master's Degree Programme in Professional Project Management, Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management, Master's Degree Programme in Information Technology, Cyber Security
Face-to-face
School of Health and Social Studies
English
Blended model.
Face-to-face learning: lectures, tutoring for the extended research plan assignment, groupwork
Online learning: extended research plan assignment to be done individually in line with the selected thesis topic
Dodd, S-J., & Epstein, I. 2012. Practice-based research in social work: a guide for reluctant researchers. Routledge.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. 2007. Research methods for business students. Pearson.
Murat Akpinar
There is no internship.
There is no exam.
28.08.2023 - 19.12.2023
Lectures 27 hours
Preparing for the lectures 54 hours
Individual assignment 54 hours
01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023
4 contact sessions in autumn 2023: 8.9 (14-20), 9.9 (9-14), 17.11 (14-20), 18.11 (9-14)
You have the right to apply for recognition of your studies if you have prior learning (e.g. university studies completed elsewhere) that can be accredited towards the degree you are currently completing.
The recognition of prior learning is possible in three primary ways: accreditation (replacement or inclusion), recognition of informal learning and studification. More precise info: JAMK Degree Regulations, section 17.
0 - 30
Extended research plan on the selected thesis topic, group assignments, active participation in class
Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face
5 cr
School of Business
English
Classroom teaching on-campus, intensive days including lectures, workshops, and group discussions.
Porter, M. (1996) What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, Nov-Dec, 61-78. Porter, M. (2008) The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard Business Review, Jan, 78-93. Prahalad, C., & Hamel, G. (1990) The core competence of the organization. Harvard Business Review, May-June, 79-91.
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B, & Lampel, J. (1998) Strategy safari: A guided tour through the wilds of strategic management. New York Press. Chapter 1, 1-21.
Barney, J. (1991) Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. Kim, W.C., & Mauborgne, R. (2004) Blue ocean strategy. Harvard Business Review, Oct, 76-84.
There will also be a selection of cases and support material provided by the lecturer.
Murat Akpinar
The individual assignment will aim to develop operations at your work place.
Main Campus
There is no exam. The individual assignment is due a month after the last contact session.
28.08.2023 - 19.12.2023
Lectures 27 hours
Preparing for the lectures 27 hours
Group project 27 hours
Individual assignment 54 hours
01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023
1.9.2023 (14-20)
2.9.2023 (9-14)
22.9.2023 (14-20)
23.9.2023 (9-14)
You have the right to apply for recognition of your studies if you have prior learning (e.g. university studies completed elsewhere) that can be accredited towards the degree you are currently completing.
The recognition of prior learning is possible in three primary ways: accreditation (replacement or inclusion), recognition of informal learning and studification. More precise info: JAMK Degree Regulations, section 17.
0 - 30
Individual assignment, group project, active participation in class
Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face
2 cr
School of Business
English
Blended model.
Face-to-face learning: Lectures, case study discussions, group project presentations
Virtual learning: individual assignments, group projects
Daft, R. 2017. The Leadership Experience. Cengage Learning.
Northouse, P. 2016. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Sage Publications.
Murat Akpinar
There is no internship.
Main Campus
There is no exam.
28.08.2023 - 19.12.2023
Lectures 27 hours
Preparing for the lectures 48 hours
Group projects 54 hours
Individual assignments 6 hours
01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023
4 contact days in autumn 2023: 10.11 (14-20), 11.11 (09-14), 1.12 (14-20), and 2.12 (09-14)
You have the right to apply for recognition of your studies if you have prior learning (e.g. university studies completed elsewhere) that can be accredited towards the degree you are currently completing.
The recognition of prior learning is possible in three primary ways: accreditation (replacement or inclusion), recognition of informal learning and studification. More precise info: JAMK Degree Regulations, section 17.
0 - 30
Group projects, individual assignment, and active participation in class
Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face
School of Business
English
The course will be held in autumn.
There will be intensive face-to-face sessions (f2f) during the weekends.
Face-to-face learning and distance learning
Flipped classroom model will be used to implement this course.
Thus, pre-class learning is vital for successfully implementing the flipped learning model. At the course Moodle workspace, the teacher will provide students with lecture notes and other studying materials. Each student has to familiarise him/herself with the pre-class learning content. The teacher strongly suggests that students gather other resources and expose themselves to the focal subject area. In the classroom, the teacher will focus more on applying conceptual knowledge and encourage knowledge sharing among the students.
Textbooks
Hollensen, S. (2017). Global marketing. Harlow, England: Pearson.
Keegan, W. J., & Green, M. C. (2017). Global Marketing.
Sunday Olaleye
Main Campus
The last item of assessment in the Sustainable Global Marketing course is the group project. For a group project, students need to write a report.
The report should describe the following:
Company overview
Company's global presence overview
Which Internalization Theory explain selected company presence across the globe.
What kind of market entry strategies used by the selected company?
Describe product strategy in international markets
Describe the pricing strategy of the company in global markets
Describe the distribution strategies of the company in international markets
Describe the marketing communication of the selected company in the international market
More detailed information during first contact lesson.
General instruction
The report should be a maximum of ten pages in length (including cover page and contents). The report should be written according to JAMK reporting instructions.
28.08.2023 - 19.12.2023
Global Marketing and Sales course worth 5 ECTS.One ECTS corresponds to an average of 27 hours of work, which means that the load of 5 ECTS approximately 135 hours.
Below are the details of the student's workload in hours
Lectures 20 hour
Group assignments 20 hour
Final individual project report 45 hour
Independent study 50 hour
The total workload of 135 hour
01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023
You have the right to apply for recognition of your studies if you have prior learning (e.g. university studies completed elsewhere) that can be accredited towards the degree you are currently completing.
The recognition of prior learning is possible in three primary ways: accreditation (replacement or inclusion), recognition of informal learning and specification. More precise info: JAMK Degree Regulations, section 17.
0 - 30
Avoin amk 5 (included in total capacity)
Vaihto-opiskelijat 10 (not translated)
Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face
School of Business
English
Days will be confirmed later.
Course will be offered as four intensive contact teaching days Fr&Sat in October November and also via Moodle learning space. Active attendance is recommended as the days will not be recorded. However independent study is also an option.
The teaching days will include group discussions, cases and workshops on the given study materials.
Armstrong, M. 2016. Armstrong's Handbook on Strategic Human Resource management.6th ed. Kogan Page.
Additional selected topical academic articles and other readings available prior the course via Moodle.
Pia Kreus
Main Campus
The course offers multiple perspective on international strategic human resource management issues and trends including international keynote speeches as videos and guest lecturer.
28.08.2023 - 19.12.2023
135 h virtual course means an approximate 5 hours independent study for eleven weeks, four interactive webinars (8 hours) and two individual course assignments submitted by the end of the course adding of 75 hours.
01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023
Prior learning can be recognized through similar master level studies or work experience which will be assessed for each course by the course instructor.
0 - 50
This course is available for the students from other master's degree programmes in JAMK. The course can be also accomplished in other master's degree programmes.
Master's Degree Programme in Sport Business Management, Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face, Online learning
5 cr
2.5 cr
School of Business
English
Physical class in Rajakatu campus during the weekends.
Flipped classroom model will be used to implement this course.
Thus, pre-class learning is vital for successfully implementing the flipped learning model. At the course Moodle workspace, the teacher will provide students with lecture notes and other studying materials. Each student has to familiarise him/herself with the pre-class learning content. The teacher strongly suggests that students gather other resources and expose themselves to the focal subject area. In the classroom, the teacher will focus more on applying conceptual knowledge and encourage knowledge sharing among the students.
The course follows face-to-face (f2f) learning method where students participate in lectures, workshops and other study activities organized in classroom.
Keller, K. L. 2012. Strategic Brand Management. Building, Measuring and Managing Brand Equity, 4th edition, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Additional Material / Recommended Reading Material
Kapferer, J.N. 2012. The New Strategic Brand Management. Advanced Insights & Strategic Thinking. Fifth Edition.
Keller K., Aperia, T. & Georgeson, M., 2012, Strategic Brand Management: A European Perspective. Prentice-Hall.
The teacher incharge will provide you with the lecture notes that contains academic literature, videos, blogs, short article, etc. related to the focused topics.
Sunday Olaleye
Main Campus
The final item of assessment in the sustainable brand management course is the individual project. For an individual project, students need to develop a brand marketing communication plan. The brand communication plan include use of marketing communication tool both traditional and digital tools to build brand. For students to prepare a brand marketing communication plan, they may consider one question of their choice from the lists below:
a) As a customer, you are the recipient of brand marketing communication, select a company that you like and describe its brand marketing communication, secondary association and suggest the ways to improve it?
or
b) If you are working in a company then you may consider this: What kind of brand marketing communication your company is using to build its brand and suggest the ways to improve it?
or
c) If you want to open your own company: Make a brand marketing communication plan for your own company using marketing communication tools both traditional and digital to build brand and secondary association.
General instruction
The plan should be a maximum of ten pages in length (including cover page and contents). The plan should be written according to JAMK reporting instructions.
28.08.2023 - 19.12.2023
135 hours
- Lessons 32 h
-Assignments, presentations 48
-Independent reading and research 55
01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023
0 - 50
Master's Degree Programme in Sport Business Management, Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face
School of Business
English
Webinars (with Zoom):
September 27. 2023 from 9 am to 12 pm Finnish time
November 28. 2023 from 9 am to 15 pm Finnish time
November 29. 2023 from 15.30 pm to 17.30 pm Finnish time
E-learning.
Online teaching, assignments, small group work, independent work and literature.
Salla Grommi
- Daft, R. 2015-2018. The Leadership Experience, 6h or 7th Edition – CENGAGE Learning 2015-2018
- Northouse, P. 2016. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Sage
Suitable article from e.g. The Leadership Quarterly, Journal of Change Management, Journal of Organizational Change Management
Salla Grommi
No exam
-
20.09.2023 - 31.12.2023
Online meetings
Independent work and group work
Total 135 h
01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023
The first webinar instructs and stages the progress of the course.
The central learning task of the course is a work-based development task performed by the student in his / her own (or imagined) work organization during the course. The student can choose a topical development topic related to the themes of the course from his / her own organization. The aim is to apply theoretical knowledge to solve a practical problem and to write a project plan-type reflective essay or project report on it.
20 - 30
The assessment of the course is based on the assessment criteria derived from the learning objectives.
Tasks are assessed as accepted / rejected, except for the work-based development task (see above), which is assessed with grades 0-5.
The evaluation of the entire course (0-5) thus consists in practice of the grade of the development task.
Master's Degree Programme in Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics, Master's Degree Programme in Information Technology, Full Stack Software Development, Diploma in International Business Management, Master's Degree Programme in Advanced Practice Nursing, Master's Degree Programme in Professional Project Management, Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management, Master's Degree Programme in Information Technology, Cyber Security
Online learning
5 cr
School of Health and Social Studies
English
Blended model.
Face-to-face learning: Orientation day and tutoring sessions
Virtual learning: Personal learning plan assignment, business writing in English sessions and assignments, portfolio assignment.
Descriptions of the programme's target competences.
Orientation day materials.
Business writing in English materials.
Murat Akpinar, Jason Stevens
You develop your target competencies in line with your own career goals.
Main Campus
Orientation takes place on the orientation day in the first semester of the first year.
Personal learning plan is made in the first period of the first semester in the first year.
Business writing in English takes place in the second semester of the first year.
Portfolio is prepared in the last semester before graduation.
28.08.2023 - 31.12.2025
Orientation day 8 hours
Tutoring sessions 3 hours
Personal learning plan task 16 hours
Business writing in English 81 hours
Portfolio task 27 hours
01.08.2023 - 24.08.2023
Orientation day on August 21, 2023.
Tutoring sessions are to be individually arranged between the lecturer and students
Business writing in English sessions in spring 2024
You have the right to apply for recognition of your studies if you have prior learning (e.g. university studies completed elsewhere) that can be accredited towards the degree you are currently completing.
The recognition of prior learning is possible in three primary ways: accreditation (replacement or inclusion), recognition of informal learning and studification. More precise info: JAMK Degree Regulations, section 17.
0 - 30
To complete the course successfully, you should pass the below assignments:
- Personal learning plan assignment
- Business writing in English assignments
- Portfolio assignment
Master's Degree Programme in International Business Management
Face-to-face
School of Business
There is no implementations attached to this degree programme.
The principal focus of the international business management master's degree programme is to develop working life competences in global business management. These competences will enable the student to act as a global business manager to explore new business opportunities in global markets and manage global business operations.
The professional growth of students is led by a tutoring process which starts at the very beginning of the studies and continues until graduation. In this process students complete personal learning plans and discuss with their tutors about their needs for developing their target competences. The 90 ECTS programme is designed as obligatory core studies and optional studies. The tutoring discussion leads to making appropriate choices in optional studies. The core studies include the 15 ECTS management module, the 15 ECTS research and development module, and the 20 ECTS global business management module. Courses in the management module and the research and development module aim to develop students' shared master competences, while courses in the global business management module develop students' expert core competence, namely the global business management competence. As optional studies, students can take 10 ECTS of elective studies from available master level courses and develop their complementary competence, and they can choose their topics for their 30 ECTS master thesis. Students are provided with personal supervision and guidance at master thesis seminars in making their theses.
Students can do the studies as part-time (3 years) or full-time (1.5 years) students. Students are offered electives from master level courses offered by other universities of applied sciences (CampusOnline), universities, and EduFutura cooperation partners (Jyväskylä University and Gradia). Master studies accomplished in other institutions can be recognized as part of the degree programme when students provide the corresponding certificates. Competences acquired elsewhere can also be recognized based on successful demonstration. More information at the Study Guide.
Working life cooperation is an ongoing practice in the programme's curriculum as part-time students continuously reflect on their learning in the courses in the light of their current and previous experiences at their work experiences. Corporate interaction is intensified during the master thesis stage when students target to develop practices at their work places. Guest lecturing by industry professionals further enhance the working life cooperation.
The students are able to carry out managerial duties in demanding development projects, promote the competitive ability of enterprises in business planning and management tasks covering domestic and global markets. They can also act as growth-oriented and innovative entrepreneurs.
There are no specific degree-related or statutory qualification requirements in the field.
The graduates can apply to continue their studies in the scientific or artistic graduate studies of universities (§ 37/558/2009) as well as in vocational teacher studies at teacher education colleges. Students can also continue their studies for example by applying for the corresponding graduate programs at foreign universities. Universities of applied sciences also provide opportunities for continuing education in the form of specialization studies, open studies, online study portal (CampusOnline) and working life-based continuing education.
The learning outcomes laid down in the curriculum of the degree programme have been derived from the analysis of the operating environment produced by the School of Business, JAMK's own strategy, and the school's core competence areas. Planning has been carried out in cooperation with representatives from regional working life. The development proposals and course feedback submitted by the students of the degree programme have been considered in the development of the curriculum. Foreseeing international expertise takes place by comparing the contents of the educational offerings of partner universities (e.g., University of Cyprus) and using the expertise of the visiting teachers. Representatives of the degree programme are closely involved in the activities of international networks, such as Microeconomics of Competitiveness at Harvard, PRME (Principles for Responsible Management Education) and the EFMD (European Foundation for Management Development).